Statistics show that around 2–3% of children and adolescents may suffer from depression. The characteristics and symptoms they present vary and are different depending on their age.
The presentation of depression in childhood and adolescence differs in some ways from what we are used to seeing in adults, although some of the indicators may be the same.
As in most clinical situations we may detect in children and teenagers, we observe a change from previous functioning — that is, they were functioning in a fairly normal way, and “for some time now, they’ve been different”. Something has changed: they have a different attitude, behave differently, do things they didn’t do before, or have stopped doing things that used to be part of their daily routine.
When we talk about depression, these changes or symptoms must last for more than two weeks.
The first symptom that usually comes to mind when we think of someone who is depressed is low mood — that is, they seem sad or down. However, this particular symptom may look different at this stage of development. More often, we’ll see irritability. This means the child or teenager may be more argumentative, complain more, be more confrontational with parents or teachers, cry out of frustration, and seem as if they are always angry.
We may also notice a loss of interest in things they used to enjoy (schoolwork, social activities, sports, hobbies…). “For some time now” they may not want to leave the house, spend more time in their room, make excuses to skip practice or planned activities, show a drop in academic performance, prefer to be alone, or speak less with their friends.
Alongside these two key indicators, other symptoms may include: changes in appetite (either increased or decreased), sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or slowing, fatigue, lack of attention and concentration, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and negative thoughts.
What can we do if we notice these symptoms?
As parents, teachers or carers, we might suspect possible depression in a child or teenager when we notice something has changed — that they are not themselves — and we observe some of the symptoms mentioned above. There’s a clear change in their behaviour and daily functioning.
So, how is the diagnosis made, and where should you turn?
The diagnosis of depression must be made by a clinical specialist with training and experience in child and adolescent mental health. They will carry out a clinical interview to assess the young person’s psychological state, and will also evaluate all environmental factors that could be influencing their current condition: family dynamics, friendships, school or work situation (for older teens), and any recent adverse events.
With all of this, the clinician will be able to make an accurate diagnosis and develop a personalised therapeutic plan that includes all the necessary aspects to achieve the main goal: restoring the child or adolescent’s previous level of functioning, helping them feel well again, and enabling them to return to their normal daily activities.